THE SELF AS AN ANCHOR: HOW DO HUMAN ASCRIBE VALUE TO THINGS?
Özet Görüntüleme: 153
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PDF İndirme: 170
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26809/joa.4.016Anahtar Kelimeler:
valuation- meditation- decision making- perception- visual complexityÖzet
According to the norm theory of Kahneman and Miller, when people evaluate an object, they often think about other objects in the same category, and compare the stimulus object to the anchor (Hsee, 1998, 109). However, people would intrinsically ascribe value to things (Hood & Bloom, 2008). We argue that instrumental value is embedded in the intrinsic one and therefore intrinsic valuation is active for any evaluation of the individual. In the study, the existence of intrinsic value was tested by using the meditative state of mind as a tool and author found three omnipresent phenomena that affect the assigned value of things: a)Just after a high level of meditative state, participants distinctly assigned lower values to images relative to their non-meditative peers. b)Participants assigned significantly higher values to more complex images only when they focused on these images for a while. c)When participants made instantvaluation, while the complexity of images rising, the values assigned took in the form of an U-curve. These situationalities has been integrated and resolved on a theoretical ground.
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Referanslar
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Chang, V. Y., Palesh, O., Caldwell, R., Glasgow N., Abramson, M., Luskin, F., Gill, M., Burke, A., Koopman, C. (2004). The Effects of a Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Program on Stress, Mindfulness Self Efficacy, and Positive States of Mind”. Stress and Health, 20: 141-147.
Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving Conceptions of Memory Storage, Selective Attention, and Their Mutual Constraints within the Human Information Processing System. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 163–191.
Cowan, N., & Rouder, J. N. (2009). Comment on ‘Dynamic Shifts of Limited Working Memory Resources in Human Vision. Science, 13, 323-877.
Crombie, A. C. (1959). Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, Vol. 2, p. 30.
Eagleman, D. M. (2011). Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain. NY: Pantheon Books.
Edinger, E. F. (1986). Encounter with the Self. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Inner City Books
Evans, J. (1990). Bias in Human Reasoning: Causes and Consequences. Essays in Cognitive Psychology, Erlbaum, ISSN 0959-4779
Fortuna, K., Baor, L., Israel, S., Abadi, A., Knafo, A. (2014). Attachment to Inanimate Objects and Early Childcare: A Twin Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 22 May. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00486
Freud, S., (1988). Case Histories II. UK: Penguin Freud Library.
Gladwell, M. (2005). Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking. NY: Back Bay Books, January 11
Guenon, R. (2004). Man and His Becoming, According to the Vedanta. Hillsdale NY: Sophia Perennis.
Gunderson, L. H., & Holling, C. S. (2002). Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Washington DC: Island Press.
Hafenbrack, A. C., Kinias, Z., Barsade, S., G. (2014). Debiasing the Mind Through Meditation: Mindfulness and the Sunk-Cost Bias. Psychological Science, vol. 25(2) 369–376. doi: 10.1177/0956797613503853
Hansz, J. A., & Diaz J. (2001). Valuation Bias in Commercial Appraisal: A Transaction Price Feedback Experiment. Real Estate Economics, v. 29, 553–565
Hawking, S. (2004). The Illustrated on the Shoulders of Giants. Philedelphia: Running Press Book Publishers.
Henderson, J. L. (1978). Ancient Myths and Modern Man in C. G. Jung (ed.). Man and His Symbols. London: Picador
Hogg, M. A. (2007). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Elsevier Inc., vol. 39
Hood, B. M., & Bloom, P. (2008). Children Prefer Certain Individuals Over Perfect Duplicates. Cognition, 106, 455–462.
Hsee, C. K. (1998). Less Is Better: When Low-value Options Are Valued More Highly than High-value Options. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol. 11, 107-121.
Iroham, C. O., Ogunba, O. A., Oloyede, S. A. (2013). Relative Level of Occurrence of the Principal Heuristics in Nigeria Property Valuation. International Journal of Development and Sustainability Online, ISSN: 2168-8662 - www.isdsnet.com/ijds Volume 2 Number 2 (2013): Pages 493-504 ISDS Article ID: IJDS13011601
Jung, C. G. (1964). Man and His Symbols. London: Aldus Books.
Jung, C. G. (2006). Jung’dan Seçme Yazılar. Compiler: Anthony Storr, Ankara: Dost Kitabevi
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Penguin Books.
Kirk, U., Downar, J., Montague, P. R. (2011). Interoception Drives Increased Rational Decision-Making in Meditators Playing the Ultimatum Game. Frontiers In Neuroscience, 18 April. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00049
Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Kuhn, T. S. (2015). Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
Lacan, J. (2005). Ecrits: A Selection. Routledge Classics, Taylor & Francis Group
Luders, E. (2014). Exploring Age-related Brain Degeneration in Meditation Practitioners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Issue: Advances in Meditation Research: Neuroscience and Clinical Applications, 82-88. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12217
Maslow, A. H. (1993). The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. Penguin Books, Originally Published: NY, Wiking Press (1971)
McQuarrie, E. F., & Mick, D. G. (1999). Visual Rhetoric in Advertising: Text‐Interpretive, Experimental, and Reader‐Response Analyses. Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 26, No. 1, 37-54
Miller, G. A. (1956). The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97
Moore, J. S. (1914). Value in its Relation to Meaning and Purpose. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, vol. 11, No. 7, Mar. 26, 184-186
Morris, S. (2007). Why Children Become So Attached to Toys and Comfort Blankets. The Guardian, Friday 9, March
Mulken, M., Pair, R., Forceville, C. (2010). The Impact of Perceived Complexity, Deviation and Comprehension on the Appreciation of Visual Metaphor in Advertising Across Three European Countries. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 3418–3430
Nordhielm, C. L. (2002). The Influence of Level of Processing on Advertising Repetition Effects”. Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 29, 371-382
Oberauer K. (2002). Access to Information in Working Memory: Exploring the Focus of Attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 411–421
Oberauer, K., & Bialkova S. (2009). Accessing Information in Working Memory: Can the Focus of Attention Grasp Two Elements at the Same Time?. J Exp Psychol Gen, 138 (1), 64-87.
Passman, R. H., & Halonen, J. S. (1979). A Developmental Survey of Young Children's Attachments to Inanimate Objects. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 134: 165–178. doi: 10.1080/00221325.1979.10534051
Passman, R. H. (1987). Attachments to Inanimate Objects: Are Children Who Have Security Blankets Insecure?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(6), 825-830.
Poythress, N. G. (1975). Literal, Antiliteral, and Mythological Religious Orientations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 271-284.
Rifkin, J. (2011). The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy and the World. NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Robson, D. (2015). Blindsight: The Strangest Form of Consciousness. BBC Future, 28 September
Schweppe, J. (2014). Attention, Working Memory, and Long-term Memory in Multimedia Learning: A Integrated Perspective Based on Process Models of Working Memory. Educational Psychology Review, 26 (2): 289. doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9242-2
Slagter, H. A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Francis A. D., Nieuwenhuis, S., Davis, J. M., Davidson, R. J. (2007). Mental Training Affects Distribution of Limited Brain Resources. PloS Biology, 5 (6), e138
Slagter, H. A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Davidson, R. J. (2009). Mental Training Enhances Stability of Attention: Neural and Behavioral Evidence. Journal of Neuroscience, 29 (42), 13418-13427.
Sperber, D., Wilson, D. (1995). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell, Oxford UK & Cambridge USA
Swim, T. J. (2014). Infants and Toddlers: Curriculum and Teaching. Eight Edition, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, USA
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157., 1124-1131.
Velthuis, O. (2005). Talking Prices: Symbolic Meanings of Prices on the Market for Contemporary Art. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Wachholtz, A. B., & Pargament, K. I. (2005). Is Spirituality a Critical Ingredient of Meditation? Comparing the Effects of Spiritual Meditation, Secular Meditation, and Relaxation on Spiritual, Psychological, Cardiac, and Pain Outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 369–384.
Westphal, K. R. (2009). The Blackwell Guide to Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. Blackwell Publishing.
Wells, S. (2002). Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Zhang, W., & Luck, S. J. (2008). Discrete Fixed-resolution Representations in Visual Working Memory. Nature, 453, 233–235
Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N., Buchanan, M. (1975). Word Length and the Structure of Short-term Memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575–589.
Barnet, D., & Malin, M., D. (2011). Kohut and Lacan: Mirror Opposites. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31:1, 58-74. doi: 10.1080/07351690.2010.512848
Barrett, J. L. (2012). The God Issue: We are All Born Believers. New Scientist, 17 March, 213 (2856): 38-41. doi: 10.1016/S0262-4079(12)60704-0
Barros, G. (2010). Herbert A. Simon and the Concept of Rationality: Boundaries and Procedures. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, vol. 30, 455-472, July-September
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N., D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., Devins, G. (2006). Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11 (3), 230–41.
Bloom, J. M., & Sheila, S. B. (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press, ISBN-13: 9780195309911
Colzato, L. S., Ozturk, A., Hommel, B. (2012). Meditate to Create: The Impact of Focused Attention and Open Monitoring Training on Convergent and Divergent Thinking. Frontier in Psychology, 3: 116, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116
Chang, V. Y., Palesh, O., Caldwell, R., Glasgow N., Abramson, M., Luskin, F., Gill, M., Burke, A., Koopman, C. (2004). The Effects of a Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Program on Stress, Mindfulness Self Efficacy, and Positive States of Mind”. Stress and Health, 20: 141-147.
Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving Conceptions of Memory Storage, Selective Attention, and Their Mutual Constraints within the Human Information Processing System. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 163–191.
Cowan, N., & Rouder, J. N. (2009). Comment on ‘Dynamic Shifts of Limited Working Memory Resources in Human Vision. Science, 13, 323-877.
Crombie, A. C. (1959). Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, Vol. 2, p. 30.
Eagleman, D. M. (2011). Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain. NY: Pantheon Books.
Edinger, E. F. (1986). Encounter with the Self. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Inner City Books
Evans, J. (1990). Bias in Human Reasoning: Causes and Consequences. Essays in Cognitive Psychology, Erlbaum, ISSN 0959-4779
Fortuna, K., Baor, L., Israel, S., Abadi, A., Knafo, A. (2014). Attachment to Inanimate Objects and Early Childcare: A Twin Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 22 May. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00486
Freud, S., (1988). Case Histories II. UK: Penguin Freud Library.
Gladwell, M. (2005). Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking. NY: Back Bay Books, January 11
Guenon, R. (2004). Man and His Becoming, According to the Vedanta. Hillsdale NY: Sophia Perennis.
Gunderson, L. H., & Holling, C. S. (2002). Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Washington DC: Island Press.
Hafenbrack, A. C., Kinias, Z., Barsade, S., G. (2014). Debiasing the Mind Through Meditation: Mindfulness and the Sunk-Cost Bias. Psychological Science, vol. 25(2) 369–376. doi: 10.1177/0956797613503853
Hansz, J. A., & Diaz J. (2001). Valuation Bias in Commercial Appraisal: A Transaction Price Feedback Experiment. Real Estate Economics, v. 29, 553–565
Hawking, S. (2004). The Illustrated on the Shoulders of Giants. Philedelphia: Running Press Book Publishers.
Henderson, J. L. (1978). Ancient Myths and Modern Man in C. G. Jung (ed.). Man and His Symbols. London: Picador
Hogg, M. A. (2007). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Elsevier Inc., vol. 39
Hood, B. M., & Bloom, P. (2008). Children Prefer Certain Individuals Over Perfect Duplicates. Cognition, 106, 455–462.
Hsee, C. K. (1998). Less Is Better: When Low-value Options Are Valued More Highly than High-value Options. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol. 11, 107-121.
Iroham, C. O., Ogunba, O. A., Oloyede, S. A. (2013). Relative Level of Occurrence of the Principal Heuristics in Nigeria Property Valuation. International Journal of Development and Sustainability Online, ISSN: 2168-8662 - www.isdsnet.com/ijds Volume 2 Number 2 (2013): Pages 493-504 ISDS Article ID: IJDS13011601
Jung, C. G. (1964). Man and His Symbols. London: Aldus Books.
Jung, C. G. (2006). Jung’dan Seçme Yazılar. Compiler: Anthony Storr, Ankara: Dost Kitabevi
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Penguin Books.
Kirk, U., Downar, J., Montague, P. R. (2011). Interoception Drives Increased Rational Decision-Making in Meditators Playing the Ultimatum Game. Frontiers In Neuroscience, 18 April. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00049
Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Kuhn, T. S. (2015). Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
Lacan, J. (2005). Ecrits: A Selection. Routledge Classics, Taylor & Francis Group
Luders, E. (2014). Exploring Age-related Brain Degeneration in Meditation Practitioners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Issue: Advances in Meditation Research: Neuroscience and Clinical Applications, 82-88. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12217
Maslow, A. H. (1993). The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. Penguin Books, Originally Published: NY, Wiking Press (1971)
McQuarrie, E. F., & Mick, D. G. (1999). Visual Rhetoric in Advertising: Text‐Interpretive, Experimental, and Reader‐Response Analyses. Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 26, No. 1, 37-54
Miller, G. A. (1956). The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97
Moore, J. S. (1914). Value in its Relation to Meaning and Purpose. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, vol. 11, No. 7, Mar. 26, 184-186
Morris, S. (2007). Why Children Become So Attached to Toys and Comfort Blankets. The Guardian, Friday 9, March
Mulken, M., Pair, R., Forceville, C. (2010). The Impact of Perceived Complexity, Deviation and Comprehension on the Appreciation of Visual Metaphor in Advertising Across Three European Countries. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 3418–3430
Nordhielm, C. L. (2002). The Influence of Level of Processing on Advertising Repetition Effects”. Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 29, 371-382
Oberauer K. (2002). Access to Information in Working Memory: Exploring the Focus of Attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 411–421
Oberauer, K., & Bialkova S. (2009). Accessing Information in Working Memory: Can the Focus of Attention Grasp Two Elements at the Same Time?. J Exp Psychol Gen, 138 (1), 64-87.
Passman, R. H., & Halonen, J. S. (1979). A Developmental Survey of Young Children's Attachments to Inanimate Objects. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 134: 165–178. doi: 10.1080/00221325.1979.10534051
Passman, R. H. (1987). Attachments to Inanimate Objects: Are Children Who Have Security Blankets Insecure?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(6), 825-830.
Poythress, N. G. (1975). Literal, Antiliteral, and Mythological Religious Orientations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 271-284.
Rifkin, J. (2011). The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy and the World. NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Robson, D. (2015). Blindsight: The Strangest Form of Consciousness. BBC Future, 28 September
Schweppe, J. (2014). Attention, Working Memory, and Long-term Memory in Multimedia Learning: A Integrated Perspective Based on Process Models of Working Memory. Educational Psychology Review, 26 (2): 289. doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9242-2
Slagter, H. A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Francis A. D., Nieuwenhuis, S., Davis, J. M., Davidson, R. J. (2007). Mental Training Affects Distribution of Limited Brain Resources. PloS Biology, 5 (6), e138
Slagter, H. A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Davidson, R. J. (2009). Mental Training Enhances Stability of Attention: Neural and Behavioral Evidence. Journal of Neuroscience, 29 (42), 13418-13427.
Sperber, D., Wilson, D. (1995). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell, Oxford UK & Cambridge USA
Swim, T. J. (2014). Infants and Toddlers: Curriculum and Teaching. Eight Edition, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, USA
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157., 1124-1131.
Velthuis, O. (2005). Talking Prices: Symbolic Meanings of Prices on the Market for Contemporary Art. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Wachholtz, A. B., & Pargament, K. I. (2005). Is Spirituality a Critical Ingredient of Meditation? Comparing the Effects of Spiritual Meditation, Secular Meditation, and Relaxation on Spiritual, Psychological, Cardiac, and Pain Outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 369–384.
Westphal, K. R. (2009). The Blackwell Guide to Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. Blackwell Publishing.
Wells, S. (2002). Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Zhang, W., & Luck, S. J. (2008). Discrete Fixed-resolution Representations in Visual Working Memory. Nature, 453, 233–235
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2019-04-30
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
ÇAĞLAR, M. E. (2019). THE SELF AS AN ANCHOR: HOW DO HUMAN ASCRIBE VALUE TO THINGS?. JOURNAL OF AWARENESS, 4(2), 205–226. https://doi.org/10.26809/joa.4.016
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