HAS THE GENDER WAGE GAP NARROWED OR WIDENED IN A DECADE? SOME RECENT EVIDENCE FROM THE TURKISH LABOR MARKET
Abstract views: 83
/ 
PDF downloads: 110
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53753/jame.1.1.01Keywords:
Mincer wage equation, gender wage gap, sample selection model, labor force participation, selectivity corrected decomposition, TurkeyAbstract
The principal objective of this study is to determine the variation in the gender wage gap in the last decade of the Turkish labor market and reveal possible factors that drive the wage disparities. Therefore, the data set covers the Household Budget Statistics surveys 2009 and 2018. In order to prevent biased results, the empirical strategy contains the two-stage model estimation and selectivity corrected decomposition approach. The findings claim a widening gender wage gap in a decade. The portion of the gender wage gap resulting from the labor market discrimination tends to increase whereas the wage gap based on the gender differences in characteristics decreases. Despite the decrease, if the female employees had the same characteristics as males, their mean wages would be higher. Moreover, the gender wage gap attributable to gender discrimination in the labor market continues to increase.
Downloads
References
AGRAWAL, T. (2014). Gender and Caste-Based Wage Discrimination in India: Some Recent Evidence. Journal for Labour Market Research 47(4), 329–340.
ASSAAD, R., & ARNTZ, M. (2005). Constrained Geographical Mobility and Gendered Labor Market Outcomes under Structural Adjustment: Evidence from Egypt. World Development. 33(3), 431–454.
BLAU, F.D., & KAHN L.M. (2003). Understanding International Differences in the Gender Pay Gap. Journal of Labor Economics. 21(1), 106–144.
BLINDER, A.S. (1973). Wage Discrimination : Reduced Form and Structural Estimates. The Journal of Human Resources. 8(4), 436–455.
BUDIG, M.J., MISRA J., & BOECKMANN I. (2012). The Motherhood Penalty in Cross-National Perspective: The Importance of Work-Family Policies and Cultural Attitudes. Social Politics. 19(2), 163–193.
CANER, A., GUVEN, C., OKTEN, C., & SAKALLI, S.C. (2016). Gender Roles and the Education Gender Gap in Turkey. Social Indicators Research. 129(3), 1231–54.
CUDEVILLE, E., & GURBUZER, L.Y. (2010). Gender Wage Discrimination in the Turkish Labor Market: Can Turkey Be Part of Europe. Comparative Economic Studies. 52(3), 429–463.
DAYIOGLU, M., & KIRDAR, M.G. (2010). Determinants of and Trends in Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey. Welfare and Social Policy Analytical Work Program Working Paper Number 5. State Planning Organization of the Republic of Turkey and World Bank.
DAYMONT, T.N., & ANDRISANI, P.J. (1984). Job Preferences, College Major, and the Gender Gap in Earnings. Journal of Human Resources. 19(3), 408–428.
DOLTON, P. J., & MAKEPEACE, G. H. (1986). Sample Selection and Male-Female Earnings Differentials in the Graduate Labour Market. Oxford Economic Papers. 38(2), 317–341.
DUMAN, A. (2010). Female Education Inequality in Turkey: Factors Affecting Girls’ Schooling Decisions. International Journal of Education Economics and Development. 1 (3), 243-258.
FORTIN, N.M. (2008). The Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults in the United States: The Importance of Money versus People. Journal of Human Resources. 43(4), 884–918.
GLAUBER, R. (2018). Trends in the Motherhood Wage Penalty and Fatherhood Wage Premium for Low, Middle, and High Earners. Demography 55(5), 1663–1680.
GURIS, S., & CAGLAYAN, E. (2012). Returns to Education and Wages in Turkey: Robust and Resistant Regression. Quality and Quantity. 46(5), 1407–1416.
HARKNESS, S. (1996). The Gender Earnings Gap: Evidence from the UK. Fiscal Studies. 17(2), 1–36.
HECKMAN, J.J. (1979). Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econometrica. 47(1), 153–161.
HINKS, T. (2002). Gender Wage Differentials and Discrimination in the New South Africa. Applied Economics. 34(16), 2043–2052.
ILKKARACAN, I., & SELIM, R. (2007). The Gender Wage Gap in the Turkish Labor Market. Labour. 21(3), 563–593.
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR FORCE (7.5.2021a). Labour force participation rate by sex and age [online], Web address: https://www.ilo.org/shinyapps/bulkexplorer4/?lang=en&segment=indicator&id=EAP_2WAP_SEX_AGE_RT_A [Date Accessed: 7 May 2021].
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR FORCE (7.5.2021b). International Standard Classification of Occupations [online]. Web address: https://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/. [Date Accessed: 7 May 2021].
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. (2021). World Economic Outlook: Managing Divergent Recoveries. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
KARA, O. (2006). Occupational Gender Wage Discrimination in Turkey. Journal of Economic Studies. 33(2), 130–143.
KHITARISHVILI, T. (2009). Explaining the Gender Wage Gap in Georgia. Working Paper (577). Levy Economics Institute.
KORENMAN, S., & NEUMARK, D. (1992). Marriage, Motherhood, and Wages. The Journal of Human Resources. 27(2), 233–255.
KUNZE, A. (2008). Gender Wage Gap Studies: Consistency and Decomposition. Empirical Economics. 35(1), 63–76.
LEE, B.S, JANG, S., & SARKAR, J. (2008). Women’s Labor Force Participation and Marriage: The Case of Korea. Journal of Asian Economics. 19(2), 138–154.
LIU, A.Y.C. (2004). Gender Wage Gap in Vietnam: 1993 to 1998. Journal of Comparative Economics. 32(3), 586–596.
MINCER, J. (1974). Schooling, experience and earnings. New York: Columbia University Press.
MYSÍKOVÁ, M. (2012). Gender Wage Gap in the Czech Republic and Central European Countries. Prague Economic Papers. 21(3), 328-346.
NEUMAN, S., & OAXACA, R.L. (2004). Wage Decompositions with Selectivity-Corrected Wage Equations: A Methodological Note. Journal of Economic Inequality. 2(1), 3–10.
OAXACA, R.L. (1973). Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review. 14(3), 693–709.
OLIVETTI, C., & PETRONGOLO, B. (2008). Unequal Pay or Unequal Employment? A Cross-Country Analysis of Gender Gaps. Journal of Labor Economics. 26(4), 621–654.
RANKIN, B.H., & AYTAC, I.A. (2006). Gender Inequality in Schooling: The Case of Turkey. Sociology of Education. 79(1), 25–43.
SHERAN, M. (2007). The Career and Family Choices of Women: A Dynamic Analysis of Labor Force Participation, Schooling, Marriage, and Fertility Decisions. Review of Economic Dynamics. 10(3), 367–399.
TANSEL, A. (2002). Determinants of School Attainment of Boys and Girls in Turkey: Individual, Household and Community Factors. Economics of Education Review. 21(5), 455–470.
TANSEL, A. (2005). Public-Private Employment Choice, Wage Differentials, and Gender in Turkey. Economic Development and Cultural Change. 53(2), 453–477.
TANSEL, A., & DAOUD, Y. (2011). Comparative Essay on Returns to Education in Palestine and Turkey. No. 5907. IZA DP.
TEKGUC, H., ERYAR, D., & CINDOGLU, D. (2017). Women’s Tertiary Education Masks the Gender Wage Gap in Turkey. Journal of Labor Research. 38(3), 360–386.
WRIGHT, R.E., & ERMISCH, J.F. (1991). Gender Discrimination in the British Labour Market : A Reassessment. The Economic Journal. 101(406), 508–522.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Jolistence Publications
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
